Networking Fundamentals and TCP/IP

Hordhac ku saabsan Cinwaanada MAC

Cinwaanada MAC (Media Access Control) waa aqoonsi gaar ah oo loo xilsaaray qalab kasta oo shabakad ku xiran, sida kaararka shabakadda (network interface cards - NICs). Cinwaankan waxa uu ka duwan yahay cinwaanka IP, waayo cinwaanka MAC waxa uu ku xardhan yahay qalabka NIC marka la sameynayo, halka cinwaanka IP loo xilsaari karo si isdaba joog ah.

Qaabdhismeedka Cinwaanka MAC

Cinwaanka MAC waxa uu ka kooban yahay 48-bits, waxaana lagu muujiyaa qaab hexadecimal ah. Tusaale ahaan: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E. Lixda lambar ee hore (00:1A:2B) waxa ay tilmaamayaan aqoonsiga soo saaraha (Organizationally Unique Identifier - OUI), halka lixda lambar ee dambe (3C:4D:5E) ay tilmaamayaan aqoonsiga gaarka ah ee kaarka shabakadda.

Sida loo Helo Cinwaanka MAC

Waxaa jira dhowr siyaabood oo lagu heli karo cinwaanka MAC ee qalabkaaga. Hoos waxaa ku yaal tusaalooyin loogu talagalay nidaamyada hawlgalka ee kala duwan:

Windows

  1. Fur Command Prompt adiga oo raadinaya "cmd"
  2. Ku qor amarka ipconfig /all
  3. Raadi qaybta u dhiganta adabtarada shabakadda aad isticmaalayso. Cinwaanka MAC waxa uu ku qoran yahay "Physical Address".
ipconfig /all

Ethernet adapter Ethernet:


Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-1A-2B-3C-4D-5E

Linux

  1. Fur terminal
  2. Ku qor amarka ifconfig ama ip addr
  3. Raadi qaybta u dhiganta adabtarada shabakadda aad isticmaalayso. Cinwaanka MAC waxa uu ku qoran yahay "ether" ama "link/ether".
ifconfig

enp0s3:
link/ether 00:1a:2b:3c:4d:5e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

macOS

  1. Fur Terminal
  2. Ku qor amarka ifconfig en0 (halka en0 ay tahay adabtarada shabakaddaada)
  3. Raadi qaybta u dhiganta adabtarada shabakadda aad isticmaalayso. Cinwaanka MAC waxa uu ku qoran yahay "ether".
ifconfig en0

en0: flags=8863<UP,BROADCAST,SMART,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 00:1a:2b:3c:4d:5e

Isticmaalka Cinwaanada MAC

Cinwaanada MAC waxaa loo isticmaalaa dhowr hawlood oo shabakadda ah:

  • Aqoonsiga Qalabka: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu aqoonsado qalab gaar ah oo ku jira shabakad.
  • Filtering: Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu shaandheeyo taraafikada shabakadda, iyadoo la oggolaanayo ama la diidayaayo taraafikada ka imanaya cinwaanada MAC ee gaarka ah.
  • Security: Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu xadido gelitaanka shabakadda iyadoo la isticmaalayo liisaska gelitaanka cinwaanada MAC (MAC address access lists).

Badalida Cinwaanka MAC (MAC Spoofing)

Waa suurtagal in la beddelo cinwaanka MAC ee qalabka, habkan waxaa loo yaqaan MAC spoofing. In kastoo loo isticmaali karo sababo sharci ah sida tijaabinta shabakadda, waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa hawlo aan sharci ahayn, sida in laga gudbo shaandhaynta cinwaanka MAC.

Gabagabo

Cinwaanada MAC waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah aasaaska shabakadda. Fahamka sida ay u shaqeeyaan iyo sida loo isticmaalo waxay kaa caawin kartaa inaad si fiican u maamusho oo aad u sugto shabakaddaada.