Networking Fundamentals and TCP/IP

Hordhac ku saabsan DHCP

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) waa hab-maamuus si toos ah ugu xilsaara cinwaanada IP, subnet mask, gateway caadi ah, iyo xogta DNS server-ka qalabka ku xiran shabakadda. Tani waxay fududeyneysaa maamulka shabakadda waxayna ka hortageysaa isku dhacyada cinwaanada IP.

Faa'iidooyinka DHCP

  • Maamul Fudud: Waxay si toos ah u habaynaysaa qalabka shabakadda.
  • Ka Hortagga Khaladaadka: Waxay yareysaa halista isku dhaca cinwaanada IP.
  • Isbeddelka Goobaha: Waxay u oggolaanaysaa isbeddel degdeg ah oo ku yimaada goobaha shabakadda iyada oo aan loo baahnayn in gacanta lagu habeeyo qalab kasta.

Habaynta Server-ka DHCP

Tallaabooyinka lagu habeynayo server-ka DHCP:

  1. Ku rakib DHCP Server: Ku rakib adeegga DHCP server-ka adiga oo isticmaalaya maamulaha server-kaaga.
  2. Habee Scope-ka: Qeex scope-ka cinwaanada IP ee server-ka DHCP uu xilsaari karo. Tan waxaa ku jira qeexidda bilowga iyo dhammaadka cinwaanada IP, subnet mask, iyo gateway caadi ah.
  3. Habee Options-ka: Habee options-ka sida cinwaanada DNS server-ka iyo waqtiga kireysiga (lease time).
  4. Oggolow Server-ka: Hubi in server-ka DHCP uu oggol yahay shabakadda.
# Tusaale ahaan habaynta scope-ka DHCP
subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
  range 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.200;
  option routers 192.168.1.1;
  option domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4;
  default-lease-time 86400; # 24 saacadood
  max-lease-time 604800; # 7 maalmood
}

Habaynta Macmiilka DHCP

Qalabka macmiilka (sida kombuyuutarrada, taleefannada, iwm.) waxaa loo habeyn karaa si toos ah si ay cinwaan uga helaan server-ka DHCP. Tallaabooyinka lagu habeynayo macmiilka DHCP:

  1. Gal Settings-ka Shabakadda: Tag goobaha shabakadda ee qalabkaaga.
  2. Dooro Helitaanka Cinwaanka IP-ga ee Tooska ah: U hubso in qalabka loo habeynayo si toos ah uu cinwaan IP uga helo server-ka DHCP.
  3. Dib u billow Adapter-ka Shabakadda: Dib u billow adapter-ka shabakadda si aad u codsato cinwaan IP cusub.

Tusaale ahaan, Windows, waxaad ka heli kartaa goobahan adiga oo tagaya Control Panel -> Network and Internet -> Network and Sharing Center -> Change adapter settings, ka dibna midig-guji adapter-ka oo dooro Properties. Ka dib, dooro "Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)" oo guji Properties. Hubso in "Obtain an IP address automatically" iyo "Obtain DNS server address automatically" la doortay.

Tijaabinta DHCP

Si loo hubiyo in DHCP uu si sax ah u shaqeynayo:

  • Hubi Cinwaanada IP-ga: Hubi in qalabka macmiilka uu helay cinwaan IP oo sax ah.
  • Isticmaal Amarka ipconfig (Windows) ama ifconfig (Linux/macOS): Isticmaal amarradan si aad u aragto goobaha shabakadda ee qalabka.
  • Hubi Xiriirka Shabakadda: Hubi in qalabka uu si sax ah ula xiriiri karo shabakadda iyo internet-ka.
# Tusaale ahaan isticmaalka ipconfig (Windows)
ipconfig /all
# Tusaale ahaan isticmaalka ifconfig (Linux/macOS)
ifconfig

Gunaanad

DHCP waa hab-maamuus muhiim ah oo fududeeya maamulka shabakadaha. Adiga oo raacaya tillaabooyinka kor ku xusan, waxaad si guul leh u habeyn kartaa server-ka DHCP iyo qalabka macmiilka, adiga oo hubinaya in shabakaddaadu ay si hufan u shaqeyneyso.